Wat a joyful news, miss Mattie,
I feel like me heart gwine burs
Jamaica people colonizin
Englan in Reverse
By de hundred, by de tousan
From country and from town,
By de ship-load, by de plane load
Jamica is Englan boun.
An week by week dem shippin off
Dem countryman like fire,
Fe immigrate an populate
De seat a de Empire.
Wat a devilment a Englan!
Dem face war an brave de worse,
But me wonderin how dem gwine stan
Colonizin in reverse.
Excerpt from “Colonization in Reverse” (1966) Louise Bennett
Louise Bennett’s vivid description of the influx of Jamaican immigrants to post-war Britain is the starting point for this historical perspective of the Caribbean Diaspora and subsequent attempts by the authorities to control the flow of migrants. In the UK immigration remains a sensitive and rather controversial issue but migration is a natural feature of the human experience; ever since the first humans ventured out of Africa people have been on the move.
When making reference to Blacks in Britain the focus tends to be on fairly recent history but that’s only a part of the story. What many people may not be aware of is that Black people have been in Britain for centuries, since the time of the Romans to be exact. Some 1800 years ago when Africans were Roman soldiers defending Hadrian’s Wall in the north of England. Later on with the advent of the slave trade the first group of West Africans were brought to Britain in 1555. In the Tudor period during the reign of Elizabeth I, the African inhabitants consisting of domestic servants, musicians, entertainers and slaves had apparently became so common, that in 1601 the Queen made an unsuccessful attempt to have them expelled. By the last third of the 18th century, there were an estimated 10,000 black people in Britain, mostly concentrated in cities such as London. Early Black settlers were also absorbed into the general population therefore it means that there are many white British people today who are unaware that they are descended from Black ancestors.
Following the end of the Second World War Europe underwent a labour shortage and subsequent economic boom, which persisted until the1970's with the beginning of the oil crisis. This was a period of significant migration into Europe as well as outwards and resulted in the formation of new ethnically distinct populations. As a consequence it led to Britain having a significant immigrant/ethnic minority population. The history of Caribbean migration in Britain is largely associated with the former status as a colonial power, i.e. they arrived as Colonial workers. During this period it was a fairly straightforward process to gain entry to the Britain.
In Britain prior to 1949 persons born within the British Empire were British subjects and had right of settlement in Britain. In the Caribbean, the colonial administration imbued its subject with a sense of Britishness,
"Children were taught from English textbooks about the history of the Mother Country and learned as loyal subjects of the Crown to sing 'Rule Britannia' and 'God save the King'”.
They too thought of themselves as British and spoke about coming home to the 'Mother Country', or as Louisa Bennett so eloquently puts it to “settle in de mother lan”. These loyal British subjects were actively involved in the Second World War in the military and industry. For example, Errol Barrow the former Prime Minister of Barbados served in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War, as did the Guyanese born Edward Braithwaite and author of ‘To Sir with Love’. As a consequence of the labour shortage following the war, the government actively recruited people from the colonies. People from the British Colonies were encouraged to come to Britain and to take up employment in major institutions like the National Health Service, London Transport and the Post Office. It’s worth noting that currently the British military has a recruitment campaign to encourage people from the Caribbean to enlist in the armed forces to provide much needed personnel to aid them in campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Sadly though the former Colonials were encouraged to come to Britain, their presence was not universally welcomed. They suffered discrimination and racism. They were forced to live in overcrowded and often unsanitary conditions and then vilified for causing the very conditions to which they were subjected. As they struggled to find decent housing for themselves and their families they were often met with by the signs in the windows of rental accommodation stating, 'No Blacks, No Irish, No Dogs'.
From British Subject to British Citizen
1948 was significant in that it signalled the start of significant Caribbean post-War migration and settlement, when the Empire Windrush docked in England with 492 Jamaican immigrants. Not only was this a symbolic but also a rather ironic event as on the outward journey the Windrush had taken European 'migrants' to Latin America. It is difficult to imagine that their arrival would have generated the same odium. It should be noted that Jamaicans were not the only migrants on the Windrush. A young caylpsonian Lord Kitchener (Aldwyn Roberts) was on the ship. He is featured on Pathé newsreel signing ‘London is the place for me’ as the ship docked, which he wrote whilst onboard the ship.
The British Nationality Act of (BNA) 1948 brought about the transition in English law from subject to citizen, it represents the first time that the status of 'citizen' is used. However it is not until the 1981 BNA does the term 'British citizen' actually appear. The 1948 Act marked the beginning of attempts to limit the right of unrestricted access and settlement to colonial subjects. The status of citizen or subject conferred the same rights, however the 1948 Act divided British citizens into two broad categories whereas before there was only one. Another significant piece of legislation was the 1968 Commonwealth Immigrants Bill which was supposedly differentiating British passport holders by geography but in truth it was simply about race. In fact it can be argued that the immigration and policy framework is simply based on ‘race’. An historical perspective is important for there is a tendency for politicians and policymakers not to acknowledge or understate the debt owed or that they have a responsibility to, those who were colonised. This is a major factor by those in the Black Diaspora who have initiated the call for Reparation.
In Britain the public has been told by successive Governments that strict immigration control is needed to engender good 'race' relations, so racist immigration and nationality laws are actually for the protection and welfare of immigrants. The irony of this statement seems to have been missed. They were often viewed with suspicion. Their allegiance seems to be constantly questioned as in the infamous 'cricket test' devised by Conservative Member of Parliament, Norman Tebbit. It sought to differentiate the true Brits from those that were culturally disloyal by asking whether they would support England or their ‘home countries’ if the later was playing against England in a cricket. This also explains the dilemma of many from the ethnic minority communities - when does an immigrant really become a citizen? The answer maybe never, as Enoch Powell right wing Conservative politician and outspoken critic of ‘coloured immigration’ in the 60’s of stated,
"A West Indian does not become English by being born in England and by carrying a United Kingdom passport”.
But 'they' already know that but belonging is not solely dependent on acceptance by the host populace,
"…I would say … that on the whole we live with … different kinds of identities quite happily really. I can describe myself as British, as Guyanese, as African, as Caribbean and I don't have a problem with that because I think that all those describe who I am … I think part of the difficulty for a lot of people about saying that they are British is about coming to terms with what it means to identify with something that causes pain - racism" (Baroness Valerie Amos).
Unfortunately a consequence of being or being thought of as different, as ‘Other’, is being treated differently; not being treated with respect and dignity, but facing discrimination and racism. A possible way forward is by recognition of and respect for difference. The 'dislike' and mistrust of Others is atavistic and universal however the danger is that individual prejudices sometimes are adopted as state policies. As Montagu (1997) states,
"[When Hitler came to power], anti-Semitism was transformed from a personal obsession and propaganda weapon into a national policy."
This cannot be overstated. Prejudice kills and in Britain, France, Germany, in fact across Europe and across the world there are numerous examples of this.








